@article {1562185,
	title = {Transcriptional and proteomic insights into the host response in fatal COVID-19 cases},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	volume = {117},
	number = {45},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {28336-28343},
	abstract = {
	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted thus far in greater than 933,000 deaths worldwide; yet disease pathogenesis remains unclear. Clinical and immunological features of patients with COVID-19 have highlighted a potential role for changes in immune activity in regulating disease severity. However, little is known about the responses in human lung tissue, the primary site of infection. Here we show that pathways related to neutrophil activation and pulmonary fibrosis are among the major up-regulated transcriptional signatures in lung tissue obtained from patients who died of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Strikingly, the viral burden was low in all samples, which suggests that the patient deaths may be related to the host response rather than an active fulminant infection. Examination of the colonic transcriptome of these patients suggested that SARS-CoV-2 impacted host responses even at a site with no obvious pathogenesis. Further proteomics analysis validated our transcriptome findings and identified several key proteins, such as the SARS-CoV-2 entry-associated protease cathepsins B and L and the inflammatory response modulator S100A8/A9, that are highly expressed in fatal cases, revealing potential drug targets for COVID-19.

},
	author = {Wu, Meng and Chen, Yaobing and Xia, Han and Wang, Changli and Tan, Chin Yee and Cai, Xunhui and Liu, Yufeng and Ji, Fenghu and Xiong, Peng and Liu, Ran and Guan, Yuanlin and Duan, Yaqi and Kuang, Dong and Xu, Sanpeng and Cai, Hanghang and Xia, Qin and Yang, Dehua and Wang, Ming-Wei and Chiu, Isaac M and Cheng, Chao and Ahern, Philip P and Liu, Liang and Wang, Guoping and Surana, Neeraj K and Xia, Tian and Kasper, Dennis L}
}
